Evaluate+two+models+or+theories+of+one+cognitive+process+with+reference+to+research+studies


 * Evaluate two models or theories of one cognitive process with reference to research studies**

Memory is the process in which we store, process, and recall information.

__Multi-Store Memory Model: Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)__ __Evaluation__
 * The Multi-Store Memory Model consists of three simple stores, the sensory memory store, the short-term memory store and the long-term memory store.
 * The model includes the processes of attention, coding and rehearsal, as it shows that the sensory information must be attended to for it to be stored.
 * Short-term memory is encoded into long-term memory with rehearsal of information, and has a store of approximately seven plus or minus two pieces of information, and lasts approximately 6-12 seconds
 * The long-term memory store is an infinite store of information, and stores information in form of an outline, rather than as an exact replica of events or facts
 * The multi-store memory model is very simplistic, and displays the knowledge available in the 1960s
 * It assumes that the memory is a set of separate stores, and that memory processes are sequential
 * Glanzer and Cunitz's study of the Serial Position Effect supports the limits of the Short-Term memory, as they found that people could most easily recall information that they had first rehearsed, and the most recent information. This shows that the primary information had already been encoded into Long-Term Memory, while the most recent information was still in the Short-Term memory.

__Working Memory Model: Baddeley and Hitch (1974)__
 * Based on the multi-store model, but revised the Short-Term Memory store
 * The model includes several components of STM: the central executive; the episodic buffer; the phonological loop; and the visuospatial sketchpad
 * The central executive controls the other components, and has a limited capacity and can process any sensory information
 * The episodic buffer is a temporary and passive display store until the information is needed, but the information is processed in the other areas
 * The phonological loop has two components: the articulatory control system and the phonological store
 * The articulatory control system holds information in verbal form
 * The phonological store holds sepeech-based material in a phonological store
 * Visuospatial sketchpad deals with visual and spatial information from sensory memory or LTM

__Evaluation__
 * Most researchers accept this model
 * Experiments using dual-task techniques provide support for the Working Memory Model. These experiments have participants carry out two cognitive tasks simultaneously, while attempting to learn a list of numbers, to see if the tasks are impaired, they use the same component in STM.
 * It includes active storage and processing, which explains cognitive tasks such as reading comprehension.
 * It is a better explanation for memory as he multi-store model assumes that mental processes are passive.
 * It also explains why people are able to perform different cognitive tasks at the same time, or multitasking